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最新的 CISI level 3 Certificate ICWIM 免費考試真題 (Q188-Q193):
問題 #188
How do passive fund managers use swaps to replicate an index?
- A. Having created an index fund, the managers use swaps to cover the tracking error
- B. They swap a pre-defined return in exchange for the return on the index
- C. The loss on an index is swapped for the profit on a different index
- D. They swap the return on the index in exchange for a fixed fee
答案:B
解題說明:
Passive fund managers can use synthetic replication to track an index through derivatives like swaps. In this arrangement, the fund agrees to pay a pre-defined return (e.g., LIBOR or a fixed rate) to a counterparty in exchange for the counterparty delivering the total return of the index. This approach allows the fund to replicate index performance without holding the physical securities, reducing costs and eliminating tracking error.
問題 #189
How does a negative interest rate policy (NIRP) aim to boost lending?
- A. By discounting the interest rate charged on loans
- B. Consumers are paid to borrow money
- C. By penalising banks for holding surplus cash
- D. Interest is not charged on loans
答案:C
解題說明:
A Negative Interest Rate Policy (NIRP) is used by central banks to stimulate economic activity by penalising banks for holding excess reserves.
* How It Works:
* Instead of earning interest, banks pay to keep reserves with the central bank.
* To avoid losses, banks increase lending to businesses and consumers.
* This increases money supply, investment, and spending, boosting economic growth.
* Real-World Example: The European Central Bank (ECB) and Bank of Japan implemented NIRP to encourage lending.
# Reference: ECB Negative Interest Rate Policy, CISI Wealth & Investment Management.
問題 #190
The concept of the Sharpe ratio is to measure the:
- A. Ability of the fund manager in different scenarios
- B. Amount of performance attributable to a benchmark
- C. Return above a risk-free rate
- D. Effect the annual charge has on fund performance
答案:C
解題說明:
Sharpe Ratio Defined
The Sharpe ratio measures risk-adjusted return, specifically the excess return over the risk-free rate per unit of volatility.
Formula: Sharpe Ratio=Portfolio Return - Risk-Free RateStandard Deviation of Portfolio Returns\text{Sharpe Ratio} = \frac{\text{Portfolio Return - Risk-Free Rate}}{\text{Standard Deviation of Portfolio Returns}} Sharpe Ratio=Standard Deviation of Portfolio ReturnsPortfolio Return - Risk-Free Rate Why the Answer is B The ratio quantifies the return generated for each unit of risk taken, relative to the risk-free rate.
Why Other Options are Incorrect
A. Benchmark performance: The Sharpe ratio does not measure performance relative to a benchmark.
C. Annual charge effect: Unrelated to fund expenses.
D. Manager ability: Focuses on risk-adjusted returns, not managerial skill.
ICWIM Study Guide, Chapter on Risk-Adjusted Metrics: Explains the Sharpe ratio.
Portfolio Management Literature: Highlights its use in assessing performance.
ReferencesThus, the correct answer is B. Return above a risk-free rate.
問題 #191
When analysing rates of return, why is a short-dated government bond considered to be the risk-free rate?
- A. Investors can buy short-dated government bonds without risk
- B. Governments are considered unlikely to default
- C. Government bonds are free from all types of risk
- D. There is no tracking error when measuring the performance of government bonds
答案:B
解題說明:
* Risk-Free Rate
* The rate of return on an investment with virtually no risk of financial loss.
* Short-dated government bonds are considered risk-free because governments, especially in developed economies, are deemed highly unlikely to default.
* Why the Answer is A
* Short-dated bonds minimize risks associated with duration (interest rate risk).
* Governments can typically print money or increase taxes to meet debt obligations, reducing default risk.
* Why Other Options are Incorrect
* B. Without risk: Investors still face inflation risk and currency risk.
* C. Free from all risks: No investment is completely risk-free; risk is minimized, not eliminated.
* D. No tracking error: Irrelevant to the definition of a risk-free rate.
* ICWIM Study Guide, Chapter on Risk Management: Defines the risk-free rate and its attributes.
* Economic Theory: Short-dated government bonds as benchmarks for risk-free rates.
ReferencesThus, the correct answer isA. Governments are considered unlikely to default.
問題 #192
Why might an expansionary fiscal policy lead to future inflationary pressures?
- A. Due to a significant fall in private sector investment
- B. Workers demanding higher wages
- C. Due to the effect of time lag
- D. It causes higher interest rates
答案:B
解題說明:
* Expansionary Fiscal Policy and Inflation:
* Expansionary fiscal policy increases aggregate demand by boosting public spending or reducing taxes.
* This raises employment, leading to higher wage demands as workers negotiate for their share of economic growth.
* Higher wages increase production costs, causing inflationary pressures.
* Elimination of Other Options:
* A: Higher interest rates are associated with contractionary, not expansionary, policy.
* C: Private sector investment typically rises, not falls.
* D: Time lag affects the policy's impact but is not a direct cause of inflation.
References:
* ICWIM Module 1: Discussion on fiscal policy and its effects on inflation.
問題 #193
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